The Character and Characterization in George Orwell's Animal Farm as Revelation of Political System

ABSTRACT

The Character and Characterization in George Orwell's Animal Farm as Revelation of Political System

Novel is classified as one of literary works. Novel is representations of phenomena in real world. Because of that everything on the world can be used as an object in creating literary works especially novel. Certainly all of the phenomena on the real world are presented through its aspects such as character. Through character, an author can present various humans beings such us their modes of feeling, fashion culture, behavior, social, economic, politic and so on. How to develop its character called as characterization. In connection with this research, so the writer is going to analyze the characterization on Orwell's Animal Farm which the writer finds two primary problems; the first is how does Orwell reveal political system in the story through characters and the second is what is the form of government that resulted by its political system.

To understand and to study the contents of novel as object of research, the writer uses descriptive analysis method, and for the data collections the writer uses literary study. This thesis uses some referent books written by Ian Milligan as basic of theories to analyze characterization and for political system the writer uses main book written by Bernard Crick and Tom Crick’s What is politics.

Base on the research that the writer has done, Napoleon is a central character that has vital role in determining political system on the story of Orwell's Animal Farm. Actually Napoleon has a rival that cleverer namely Snowball but Napoleon successfully get rid of him forcibly by his dogs. After its expulsion, Napoleon becomes a single leader of Animal Farm. As a single leader Napoleon freely does everything according to his will and interest. No animals brave to protest even to hinder him. Consequently, Napoleon creates his own political system according to his will. Unfortunately, Napoleon is not a good type of leader so that his political system results totalitarian government. Because of that the life of animals under Napoleon leadership gets worse than before.

Finally the writer concludes that every character on the Orwell's Animal Farm has their own position in political system. It is based on characterization on Orwell's Animal Farm related to political system in real world. It is appropriate with George Orwell’s purpose when the first time wrote this novel is not only to entertain us but also to criticize political system at that time. For further writing must be more understand the connection between literary works and politic so that it will produce better writing.

1.                  Background of Problem

When we begin to study literature, generally we are always faced by the classical problem of what is the meaning of literature. The complexity of literature has made many literary experts strive to give definition accurately. However, it is almost impossible to do because literature is so complex and large to be expressed into words. It is also confessed by Nicholas Marsh, “Literature is complex. This means that you cannot take a single view of it” (1987: 66). Nevertheless, we can take one of literary definitions, it is for a base of research, Marsh also says:

Literature is about ordinary life, so the big themes of literature are the important subjects and experiences of our public and private lives: they are the ordinary and common world in our everyday thoughts and conversation, like love, death, marriage, freedom, hope, despair, power, war, revenge, evil, and so on(1987: 66)

Therefore, literature is one of ways to express human’s feeling and thought through its genres. Basically, literature is divided into three genres: prose, drama, and poetry. One of prose studies is novel. It is said by Richard Dutto, “novel is fictitious prose narrative dealing with human being and their action over a period of time, and displaying varieties of human character in relation to life” (1984:196-197).

Generally, novel offers experience of life or real event through its narration, interaction of characters such as through dialogue. It may also describe to the reader about an environment or situation and condition that they do not see it yet before. Besides, through character, we can enrich our perception about various human beings of their modes of feeling, fashion culture, behavior, social, economic, political system and so on.

There are some aspects in novel such as character, theme, setting, narration, and point of view. They influence whether the novel can be received by the reader or not, because good or bad a novel is depending on the readers’ response. If the novel reaches great response from its reader, it signs that the novel is so good with all aspects that support it. 

Novel is also as representation of real life. So, a novelist can use everything about real life’s phenomena as an object of literary works especially novel. In real life, there are many objects that can be used as objects in creating a novel for example is political system. Political system is one of human creativities in real life; it is usually connected with state, government, leadership, citizen, and so on. In fact political system is not only in real life but also it can be expressed into a fiction especially novel.

There have been many political writers that create their novel as reflection of political system in real life. Moreover, there is one of political writer that use animal as characters to reveal a political system like in real life. It can be proven in George Orwell’s Animal Farm. It is one of literary works in novel form that has been written by George Orwell in 1943 and inspired by a totalitarianism during his life as Orwell’s own statement,” Every line I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism”(1987: xvii). Because of that when Orwell sent a copy of Animal Farm to the critic and poet William Empson, he was warned by him that the novel of Animal Farm can rise misunderstanding especially to government at that time.

Actually Orwell has confessed that through Animal Farm, he actually expressed his dislike or his disagreement with the situation and condition of political system at that time. In this case, Orwell wrote the novel is not merely to entertain us but also to criticize political system that according to him is unfair,

 “My starting points is always a feeling of partisanship, a sense of in justice, when I sit down to write a book, I don’t say to myself, I’m going to produce a work of art. I write it because I want to draw attention, and my initial concern is to get a hearing” (Orwell, 1998: 3).

How the characters of animals and how they create political system are shown in the story. Because of that, the writer tries to analyze the characterization of Orwell’s Animal Farm. In addition, the writer also will analyze about how Orwell reveals political system in the story of Animal Farm through characters.

2.      Formulation of Problems

Based on background of problem above, the writer formulates two main problems that will be discussed in this article they are:

1. How does Orwell reveal political system in the story of Animal Farm through characters?
2. What is the form of government that resulted by political system in Orwell's Animal Farm?

3.      Significances of Research

1. The revelation of political system in Orwell’s animal farm through character.
2. The form of government that resulted by political system in Orwell's Animal Farm.

4.      Method of research

The writer uses descriptive method in collecting data to complete this thesis. Descriptive research, a type or category of research, refers to “investigation which utilizes already existing data or non-experimental research with a preconceived hypothesis. In a descriptive study the research begins with general questions in mind about the phenomenon they are studying or with more specific questions and with a specific focus”(Seliger and Shohamy in Yuliantini, (2004: 10).

By using descriptive method, the writer attempts to analyze object of research in order to get the answer of the problems.

5.      The Analysis of revelation of political system through characters in George

      Orwell’s Animal Farm

In revealing political system in his story, George Orwell uses characters, especially Napoleon who dominantly in coloring political system that applied in the story of Animal Farm. Before the writer revealing the political system through characters, the writer will analyze Napoleon characterization. Besides, the writer is going to analyze the others characters to strengthen the understanding of Napoleon characteristic to know whether it can drive Napoleon to apply a political system, especially totalitarian government under his leader. Here, the writer emphasize on what Napoleon does to other characters so that the revelation of political system that created by Napoleon in the story will be shown clearly.

a.                  Mr. Jones

Mr. Jones is the owner of the manor farm. He leads his men to regulate all of the animals on his farm every day. As the leader, Mr. Jones has a task to administrate all of farm’s affairs. He sells animals’ product such as milk, eggs, meat, etc., and the rest is for his own need and his men. Besides, he also sets the animals to work hard without giving enough eat for them. It is like Old major speech that purposed to criticize the Mr. Jones’s administration.

Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch the rabbits. Yet he is lord of the animals. He sets them to work, he give backs back to them the bare minimum that will prevent from starving, and the rest he keeps for him self (1993: 4).

Mr. Jones is a drunken man so that he often does not administrate the farm perfectly. “Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-houses for the night, but was too drunk to remember to shut the pop-holes” (1993: 1).

From the characterization above, the writer can take a conclusion that Mr. Jones has a position in political system. His position is a leader of Manor Farm. He is not alone in administrating the Farm; he is assisted by his men. However, Mr. Jones is not good leader. He is not enough to care the needs of animals especially about their food so that animals can stand longer in starving and finally they revolt Mr. Jones and his men. As a leader he has creates tyrannical Political System among animal. it is proven that he and his men careless to the animals on their farm.

On Midsummer’s Eve, which was a Saturday, Mr. Jones went into Willingdon and got so drunk at the Red Lion that he did not come back till midday on Sunday. The men had milk the cows in the early morning and then had gone out rabbiting, without bothering to feed the animals. When Mr. Jones got back he immediately went to sleep on the drawing-room sofa with the News of the World over his face, so that when evening came the animals were still unfed. At last they could stand it no longer (1993: 11-12).

Because of the rebellion, Mr. Jones and his men are forcibly expelled from the farm. Consequently, he has lost his authority to the farm but Mr. Jones is the ambitious man. After he has lost his farm, he strives to recapture the farm anymore. He and his allies attack the farm that authorized by animals.

Jones and all his men, with half a dozen others from Foxwood and Pinchfield, had entered the five-barred gate and were coming up the cart-track that led to the farm. They were all carrying the sticks, excepts Jones, who was marching a head with a gun in his hands. Obviously they were going to attempt the recapture of the farm (1993: 26).

However, Mr. Jones and his allies fail to recapture the farm. The animals have prepared to defend the farm. They are against Mr. Jones and his allies together so that once again Mr. Jones is expelled from the farm. It is shown that there is a competition between human beings and animals to govern the farm. They have one aim to create their own political system. In one hand human beings want to defend their political system, on other hand the animals want to get rid of tyranny of human being and create their own political system.

b.                                          Old Major

Old Major is the first animal character described in Orwell's Animal Farm. He is an old boar in the farm. In the first of story, his age is told twelve years old. He has lately grown rather stout, but he was still a majestic-looking pig, with a wise and benevolent appearance in spite of the fact that his tushes have never been cut (1993: 1). He is the character that influences the other characters to overthrow the political system that created by human beings. Initially, he makes an underground movement by conducting secret meeting to convey his idea of rebellion. He conducts the meeting at one end of the big barn, on a short of raised platform; Old Major is already ensconced on his bed of straw, under a lantern which hung from abeam (1993: 1).

In the meeting, old major conveys his speech about rebellion. Generally, Old Major’s speech contains the reasons why the animals have to rebel to the human being. This following quotation is part of Old Major’s speech;

Is it not crystal clear, then, comrades, that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could become rich and free. What then we must do? Why, work night day, body and soul, for the overthrow of the human race! That is my message to you, comrades: Rebellion! I do not know when that Rebellion will come, as surely as I see this straw beneath my feet, that sooner or later justice will be done. Fix your eyes on that, comrades, throughout the short remainder of your lives! And above all, pas on this massage of mine to those who come after you, so that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious (1993: 5).

Old Major is a character that cares to the life of animals. He proposes rebellion to reach better life and create a better political system through rebellion. Besides, he considers that all animals have to keep brother ship. “Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers. No animal must ever kill any other animal. All animals are equal” (1993: 6). He gives supporting to all of animals to overthrow tyranny of human beings and create a freedom and equality among animals. Moreover, Old Major sings a song that can support the enthusiasm of animals toward a freedom as their expectation. The title of the song is “Beast of England” (1993: 7).

In creating political system of animals, Old Major has very important role. He is an inspiration source for the other animals to get rid of human beings’ tyranny. By his speech, he successfully open up the mind of animals that they never get better life as long as still live under tyranny of human being. Old Major’s ideology of “All men are enemies. All animals are comrades” has given a power for animals to rebel human beings (1993: 6). Unfortunately, Old major die before looking his idea of rebellion realized by animals. Finally his body is buried at the foot of the orchard (1993: 9).

c.                                           Napoleon

In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, Napoleon is the central character. Because his character’s existence is almost in whole of story or in other word his character raises often than the others. Napoleon is a rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar and he is portrayed as a character that is not much talking “Napoleon is a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of talker but with a reputation for getting his own way” (1993: 9). He is not much talking because he has a speaker namely Squealer who always conveys whatever Napoleon’s policies and answer the other animals’ question about his policies. Napoleon is a slick boar. It is shown when he takes the milk while the other animals go to the hayfield to begin the harvest

 ”Never mind the milk, comrades! Cried Napoleon, placing himself in front of the buckets. That will be attended to. The harvest is more important. Comrade snowball will lead the way. I shall follow in a few minutes. Forward, comrades! The hay is waiting. So the animals trooped down to the hayfield to begin the harvest, and when they came back in the evening it was noticed that the milk disappeared (1993: 16-17).

From the citation above shown how slick Napoleon is. He patiently commands all animals under snowball leader to go to hayfield in order that there is no animals who look him when take the milk.

Actually, Napoleon is not the cleverest animal on the farm even though he is one of the pre-eminent pigs besides Snowball. However, he is an ambitious pig compared the other animals. After the expulsion of Mr. Jones and his men, there is a vacuum political system on the farm so that Napoleon has an ambition to become a leader on the Animal Farm and want to create his own political system. In political system there is always a competition to reach top leader. It happens to Napoleon. He competes with snowball in getting the followers. On Sunday meeting, he and Snowball are active in every debate about a plan. Between Napoleon and Snowball is never in agreement because they want to defeat one another so that one of them can get the power.

Snowball and Napoleon were by far the most active in the debates. But it was noticed that these two were never in agreement: whatever suggestion either of them made, the other could be counted on to oppose it. Even when it was resolved – a thing no one could object to in itself – to set aside the small paddock behind the orchard as a home of rest for animals who were past work, there was a stormy debate over the correct retiring age for each class of animals (1993: 20)

It happens continuously in the every meeting the animals hold and the result is always the same: Snowball always wins. However, Napoleon never gives up and looking for the way to lose his rival. He finds another way to reach his ambition. His mind is full of tricks to get the absolute power on the farm. Knowing that he can never be able to defeat Snowball in every debate they make, Napoleon rears nine puppies that next will become nine savage dogs, which eventually not only become his personal servers but also become his bodyguard. This dogs that used by Napoleon to expel Snowball from animal farm.

Silent and terrified, the animals crept back into the barn. In a moment the dogs came bounding back. At first no one had been able to imagine where these creatures came from, but the problem was soon solved: they were the puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mothers and reared privately. Though not yet full grown they were huge dogs, and as fierce-looking as wolves. They kept close to Napoleon. It was noticed that they wagged their tails to him in the same way as the other dogs had been used to do to Mr. Jones (1993: 35)

Using his dogs, finally Napoleon can expel Snowball so that there is no rival anymore on the Animal Farm so that he can be free to create a new political system. He commands the dogs to attack Snowball so that Snowball runs as fast as he can to avoid their bite. Here, it is seen that Napoleon seemingly will do any way to reach his ambition.

Napoleon is cruel and brutal. Having got an absolute power on the farm, he disposes the useless animal. It is happened when Boxer is hurt because has fallen from windmill. His neck stretched out, unable even to raise his head (1993: 77). Napoleon decides to send Boxer to Willingdon to the Horse-slaughterer since he has lost his strength and can do nothing by the reason to be treated in the hospital at Willingdon. Actually it is just Napoleon’s trick to make the other animals believe to him so that they will give Boxer to be brought to Willingdon. However, Benjamin knows Napoleon’s true purpose.

“Fools! “Fools! Shouted Benjamin, prancing round them and stamping the side of that van?” that gave the animals pause, and there was a hush. Muriel began to spell out the words. But Benjamin pushed her aside and in the midst of deadly silence he read: “Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler, Willingdon. Dealer in hides and Bone-Meal. Kennels supplied.” Do you not understand what that means? They are taking Boxer to the Knacker’s! (1993: 79).

Napoleon also murders the animals that protest against the rules he makes. He does not receive criticism from others and forgive the opponents. That is why he executes the animals, which might threaten his power. It happens to hens when refuse the Napoleon’s policy to sell their eggs to whimper. Finally the hens are punished by death (1993: 50).

Napoleon is not a kind of leader that can take the decisions quickly. Sometimes, his decision change without clear reason. When he argues Snowball’s windmill, he says that the great need of the moment was to increase food production and that if they wasted time on the windmill they would all starve to death (1993: 33). He has declared himself against the windmill from the start. Nevertheless, after he expels Snowball, he announces that the windmill has to be built and tells animals through his speaker that the windmill, in fact is his own creation that is stolen by Snowball.

That evening Squealer explained privately to the other animals that Napoleon had never in reality been opposed to the windmill. On the contrary, it was he who had advocated it in the beginning, and the plan with snowball had drawn on the floor of the incubator shed had actually been stolen from among Napoleon’s papers. The windmill was, in fact, Napoleon’s own creation (1993: 38).

Napoleon’s unconceivable words can also be seen from his decision to sell the timber. He explains that he never contemplates to sell the timber to Frederick because it will degrade his dignity. However, two days later he announces that he has sold the pile of the timber to Frederick (1993: 64). It happens because Napoleon cannot make up his mind. His decision in selling the timber to Frederick is a mistake that is followed by the war and then won by Animal Farm. As a leader, Napoleon does not want everyone to see his failure. Therefore, their victory in war is celebrated in a party that makes them forget the unfortunate affair (1993: 69). When the shortage of food happens on the farm, Napoleon orders the animals to fill the empty bins in the store shed with sands and covers them with the remaining grain and meal. He does not want the outside world to know the real fact of the food situation on the farm since it can weaken his power. Even he is not brave to face the animals.

Nevertheless, towards the end of January it became obvious that it would be necessary to procure some more grain from some where. In these days Napoleon rarely appeared in public, but spent his all his time in the farmhouse, which was guarded at each door by fierce-looking dogs. When he did emerge it was in a ceremonial manner, with an escort of six dogs who closely surrounded him and growled if anyone came too near. Frequently he did not even appear on Sunday mornings, but issued his orders through one of the other pigs, usually Squealer (1993: 49)

Napoleon is also described as a hypocrite. In controlling his political system on the farm, many rules and prohibitions must be obeyed and done by the animals on the farm. He murders anyone who resists his decisions. Nevertheless, he breaks his own rules and changes them. It can be proven from the alteration he does to the Seven Commandments. Napoleon changes the commandments to support his cruel acts on the farm. Under his leadership, all the former regulations that are approved together and decided to be unalterable laws are abolished. Napoleon makes the animals’ life worse than before. His hypocrisy is also seen from the relationship he makes with the neighbor farmers, Frederick and Pilkington. When he wants to create a relationship with Frederick, he sends an insulting message to Pilkington. When the war between Animal Farm and Frederick happens, Napoleon sends a message of reconciliation to Pilkington and expects him to help to defeat Frederick (1993: 64).

Napoleon is deceitful. To defend his political system, Napoleon creates a bad impression of Snowball. Having expelled Snowball from the farm, Napoleon seemingly still fells threatened tries if someday Snowball comes and gets the power. To avoid it, Napoleon tries to make an image as if Snowball has made a blunder. Napoleon attributes everything that goes wrong to snowball. Napoleon also slanders Snowball as Mr. Jones’ agent and spy from the start. Through Squealer, Napoleon plays his cunning trick as if he is a hero for the farm.

‘Our leader, Comrade Napoleon,’ announced Squealer, speaking very slowly and firmly, ‘has stated – categorically – categorically, comrade – that Snowball was Jones’ agent from the very beginning – yes, and from long before the Rebellion was ever thought of” (1993: 53)

Furthermore, the animals on the farm have to pay honor Napoleon. They must call him “Our leader, Comrade Napoleon” and also composed a poem entitled “Comrade Napoleon”, by Minimus and which ran as follow:

Friend of the fatherless!

Fountain of happiness!

Lord of the swill-bucket! Oh, how my soul is on

Fire when I gaze at thy

Calm and commanding eye,

Like the sun in the sky,

Comrade Napoleon!

Thou art the giver of

All that thy creatures love,

Full belly twice a day, clean straw to roll upon;

Sleeps at peace in his stall,

Thou watchest over all,

Comrade Napoleon!

Had I a sucking pig,

Ere he had grown as big

Even as a pint bottle or as a rolling-pin,

He should have learned to be

Faithful and true to thee,

Yes, his first squeak should be

‘Comrade Napoleon!’(1993: 60-61)

Napoleon approved of this poem and caused it to be inscribed on the wall of the big barn, at the opposite end from the seven Commandments. It was surmounted by a portrait of Napoleon, in profile, executed by Squealer in white paint (1993: 61).

In addition, Napoleon is greedy. He forbids others pig to eat sugar but there is sugar for his own table. His greed also seen that he, including the other pigs, actually never has food shortage since they always corrupt the food on the farm. It is a part of his abuse of his power and authority.

In conclusion Napoleon is the central character that has most important position in political system. After the expulsion of Mr. Jones, Napoleon rises as a single leader. Actually there is a pig that cleverer than him namely Snowball, but Napoleon forcibly expels Snowball from animal farm forever by his iron hand.  As a leader Napoleon does not think to develop the farm but he just thinks his own pleasure with his allies and uses all ways to defend his political system.

d. Snowball

Snowball is one of dominant pig besides Napoleon. In the early of story, Napoleon and Snowball is close partner. They together lead the other animals to expel Mr. Jones and give liberty to animal from tyranny of human being and then begin to create political system together. They also can cooperate to make a new regulation, which they call the “Seven Commandments”. Actually, the capability of Snowball to anticipate and solve the problems is really needed on the farm. Because the farm needs smart ideas to reform political system belong to human beings into animals’ political system. However, because of Napoleon’s trickery, Snowball has to go out from the farm.

Snowball is a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not considered to have the same depth of character (1993: 9). With his brilliance in speech, Snowball can get respect from the other animals. It can be seen from his victory in obtaining followers when he and Napoleon are in dispute. Even though the animals do not understand what they argue, finally Snowball always wins in every debate with Snowball. Until now the animals had been about equally divided in their sympathies, but in a moment Snowball’s eloquence had carried them away (1993: 34). He often wins over the majority of the followers. Actually Snowball also has an ambition. He wants to get top leader on the farm as well as Napoleon it is proven by a competition between Snowball and Napoleon to get the leader-seat.

Snowball is a bookworm. He always study from the books belong to Mr. Jones. His mind is full of plans for innovations and improvements of the far. Every plan he makes to advances the farm is inspired from the books he reads. What he arranges to build the windmill also comes from the books. Even he gets the strategy at the Battle of the Cowshed from the book.

This had long been expected, and all preparations had been made. Snowball who had studied an old book of Julius Caesar’s campaigns, which he had found in the farmhouse, was in charge of the defensive operations. He gave his orders quickly, and in a couple of minutes every animal was at his post (1993: 26)

Snowball is described as a pig that is lively and high-spirited. Before his expulsion by Napoleon, Snowball busies by himself with organizing the other animals into what he calls “Animal Committees”. He forms “Eggs Production Committee” for the hens, the “Clean Tails League” for the cows, “The Wild Comrades’ Re-education Committee Whiter Wool Movement” for the sheep, etc. (1993: 20). Even though, all these projects are failure. It happens because the animals do not support his work. In addition, Snowball is more helpful to the other animals on the farm than Napoleon. Knowing that the animals cannot read and write, Snowball holds a reading and writing class to help them learn the alphabets. This work is successful since almost every animal in the farm has skill of reading and writing. However, some of the stupid animals such as the sheep, hens and ducks are noticed to be unable to learn the seven commandments into a single maxim to make them easier to remember. Snowball is a brave one. When Mr. Jones and his men try to recapture the farm, it is Snowball who leads the defensive operation that makes him wound.

Snowball now gave the signal for the charge. He himself dashed straight for Jones. Jones saw him coming, raised his gun and fired. The pellets scored bloody streaks along Snowball’s back, and a sheep dropped dead. Without halting for an instant snowball flung his fifteen stone against Jones’ legs. Jones was hurled into pile of dung and his gun flew out of his hands. (1993: 27)

Because of his courage, the animals give him a military decoration “Animal Hero, First Class” (1993: 28). Snowball always emphasizes that every animal on the farm has to be ready to die for the farm.

Snowball is a strict character that he wants abolish animals’ slavery under human beings’ political system. It is seen that he wants to send out more and more pigeons to stir up rebellion among the animals on the other farm. After the rebellion that overthrows the human master, Snowball does not want to see anything related to human cruelties.

The harness-room at the end of the stables was broken open; the bits, the nose-rings, the dogs-chains, the cruel knives with which Mr. Jones had been used to castrate the pigs and lambs were all flung down the well. The reins, the halters, the blinkers, the degrading nosebags, were thrown on the rubbish fire which was burning in the yard. So were the whips…Snowball also threw on to the fire the ribbons with which the horses’ manes and tails had usually been decorated on market days (1993: 13)

He emphasizes that all the animals should go naked because clothes are the mark of human being. He also changes the name of the farm from “Manor Farm” into “Animal Farm” so that Animal Farm can be called as a new state to replace Manor Farm. Besides, Snowball also creates the flag for the symbol of Animal Farm’s state.

The flag was green, Snowball explained. To represent the green fields of England, while the hoof and horn signified the future Republic of The Animals which would arise when the human race had been finally overthrown (1993: 19)

However, that entire Snowball does for the advancement of the farm make Napoleon envy. As mentioned before that Snowball is expelled forcibly by Napoleon because of Napoleon’s own ambition. Snowball is attacked by Napoleon’s scary dogs that try to bite him.

Nine enormous dogs dashed straight for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to escape their snapping jaws. . . Snowball was racing across the long pasture that led to the road. He was running as only a pig can run, but the dogs were close on his heels. Suddenly he slipped and it seemed certain that they had him. Then he was up again, running faster ever, then the dogs were gaining on him again … then he put on an extra spurt and, with a few inches to spare, slipped through a hole in the hedge and was seen no more (1993: 34-35).

Here, Snowball just becomes the political victim of Napoleon’s ambition to get a single authority. Since the expulsion Snowball, Napoleon becomes top leader where there is none who can defeat him anymore.

In conclusion, Snowball’s position in political system is a rival for Napoleon to get seat-leader on the animal farm.  Actually, Snowball smarter than Napoleon but he do not has power to against Napoleon that uses force to compete with him. Beside that he also has more followers than Napoleon. It is because he is a good speaker. Snowball is considered as a hinder by napoleon to reach his ambition of getting top leader on the animal farm.

e.                   Squealer

Squealer’s position is bored character in the political system of Animal Farm. He is portrayed as a deceitful pig that only becomes the speaker of Napoleon because of his skill in talking.

The best known among them was a small fat pig named Squealer, with very round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements and a shrill voice. He was a brilliant talker, and when he was arguing some difficult point he had a way of skipping from side to side and whisking his tail, which was somehow very persuasive. The other said of squealer that he could turn black into white (1993: 9-10).

Squealer is very clever deceiving the other. He often talks nonsense. When he tries to appease the animals, his explanation looks artificial. It can be proven from his explanation about snowball’s wound in the battle of the cowshed. At first he says that Snowball’s wound is only a fake created by Mr. Jones to deceive the animals so that they do not know that he is Jones’ agent. However, in the second one he says that the wound of Snowball is inflicted by Napoleon’s teeth.

Under Napoleon’s leadership Squealer is hoped to admire Napoleon. It is one of way to strengthen political system under Napoleon leadership. Squealer is the first one that suggests the animals to call Napoleon with the title of “Leader”. He always flatters Napoleon as a good leader.

In his speeches, Squealer would talk with the tears rolling down his cheeks of napoleon’s Wisdom, the goodness of his heart, and the deep love he bore to all the animals everywhere, even and especially the unhappy animals who still lived in ignorance and slavery on the other farms (1993: 60).

Moreover, in the story, Squealer is the one that is much talking. With his brilliance in speech, he can persuade the animals to believe what he says. His job is to explain the situation that happens on the farm to make the animals calm down.

Actually Squealer is a fearful bigmouth. When he elaborates some information, the dogs that will growl if there is one arguing his explanation always accompany him. He disappears when the war happens on the farm and reappears when the war ends and the victory are on their hands. He even does not feel ashamed to do that. He ever says to the animals that “bravery is not enough” but “loyalty and obedience are more important” (1993: 36). It proves his cowardice, loyalty and obedience to napoleon.

Squealer is Napoleon’s assistance in controlling the farm. He helps Napoleon in applying his political system on the farm. As mentioned before that he is clever at deceiving the other animals. Here he helps Napoleon to make propaganda to defend his power. He also helps Napoleon to make a bad image of Snowball in the animals’ mind. It can be seen that Squealer tries to influence the animals’ impression of Snowball. In persuading the animals, he cast aspersion upon Snowball’s character. “Comrades, Snowball has sold himself to Frederick of Pinchfield Farm, who is even now plotting to attack us and take our farm away from us! . . . (1993: 51). With his slick speech, squealer can make Snowball seems as a criminal and cruel traitor. Because of his skill of speaking, Snowball can make most animals believe to him without more protest.

In conclusion the position of squealer in political system is as a speaker of Napoleon. He is used as link by Napoleon to bridge between Napoleon and the other animals. However, Squealer is not an honest speaker. He is a manipulator and persuader to defend Napoleon’s totalitarian government.

f.                   Boxer

Boxer is an enormous horse on the Farm. His character is described as following:Boxer was an enormous beast, nearly eighteen hands high, and as strong as any two ordinary horses put together. A white stripe down his nose gave him a somewhat stupid appearance, and in fact he was not of first-rate intelligence, but he was universally respected for his steadiness of character and tremendous powers of work (1993: 2)

In political system under Napoleon leadership, Boxer has position as a labour. He is a hard worker who has his personal motto “I will work harder”. Boxer uses this motto to answer all the problems (1993: 18). His willingness to work makes him respected by the other animals on the farm.

Boxer was the admiration of everybody. He had been a hard worker even in Jones’ time, but now he seemed more like three horses than one; there were days when the entire work of the farm seemed to rest on his mighty shoulders (1993: 18).

As long as his life, Boxer wants to do useful things for the farm. What he can do is work. Therefore, he devotes his whole life for the development of the farm. When Napoleon announces to build the windmill, it is Boxer who takes works for an hour or two on his own by the light of the moon. His ambition is to finish the windmill soon. He does not care of his own health. Boxer is working continuously even though he hurts his legs. However, he refuses to take a day off work. He thinks that it is an honor not to let it seen that he is in pain. The building of the windmill is almost impossible without Boxer. His strength seems equal with all the rest animals put together.

Besides that, Boxer is a faithful horse. He hardly complains about the job he receives. He does all his jobs without grumbling. Boxer believes almost all Napoleon says and accepts the pigs as his teacher. Even he adapts a single maxim for Napoleon”Comrade Napoleon is always right”. When the problems appear on the farm, Boxer responds them with hi favorite mottoes; “I will work harder “and “Comrade Napoleon is always right”. He does not want to think why the problems have to appear or how the misery comes, etc. What he wants and thinks as an answer to the problem in his two mottoes. He thinks that with his mottoes, everything is going better. His mottoes also make him finally understand the reason of why Napoleon Murders some animals.

I do not understand it. I would not have believed that such things could happen on our farm. It must be due to some fault in ourselves. The solution, as I see it, is to work harder. From now onwards I shall get up a full hour earlier in the mornings (1993: 56).

Boxer is also obedient character, so he cannot take a decision by himself. When he will take a decision he asks an agreement to Napoleon.

Boxer saw them coming and put out his great hoof, caught a dog in mid-air and pinned him to the ground. The dog shrieked for mercy and the other two fled with their tails between their legs. Boxer looked at Napoleon to know whether he should crush the dog to death or let it go. Napoleon appeared to change countenance, and sharply ordered Boxer to let the dog go, whereat Boxer lifted his hoof, and the dog slunk away, bruised and howling. (1993: 54)

Unfortunately, Boxer is stupid character. It is shown when he tries to study alphabets. He just can remember several letters of the alphabets.

Boxer could not get beyond the letter D. he would trace out A, B, C, D in the dust with his great hoof, and than would stand staring at the letters with his ears back, sometimes shaking his forelock, trying with all his ears back, sometimes shaking his forelock, trying with all his might to remember what came next and never succeeding. On several occasions, indeed, he did learn E, F, G, H, BUT by the time he knew them it always discovered that he had forgotten A, B, C, and D. Finally he decided to be content with the first four letters (1993: 21).

Because of his stupidly, Boxer cannot make up his mind. He cannot realize what really happens on the farm and his loyalty to Napoleon even supports the totalitarian government in the farm. The mottoes that he adopts lead him not to see clearly the real problems happen on the farm.

The end of life of Boxer is so tragic; he also becomes victim of Napoleon’s dictatorship. After he loses his strength and can do nothing, Napoleon sends him to the horse-slaughterer. What Boxer has done for the farm does not make him get a reward of it.  In conclusion, the position of Boxer in political system is a labour. He is an unskilled labour that only has power.

g.                  Clover

Clover is a cart-horse like Boxer. She is also has position as a labor in political system under Napoleon leadership. She has a motherly feeling. His appearance is like Boxer.” Clover was a stout motherly mare approaching middle life, who never quite got her figure back after her forth foal “(1993: 2).

As a mother, even though she never sees her foals, clover has a love to the others. She feels sad when she knows others’ unhappiness, especially when the murder happens on the farm.

As clover looked down the hillside her eyes filled with tear. If she could have spoken her thought, it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the human race (1993: 56-57)

Clover does not understand why they have not got a better life after the overthrow of human being. She wonders why everything even gets worse about which the animals do not set free from hunger. She does not understand why they come to a time when no one dares to speak his mind since the fierce and growling of dogs.

On the farm, it is Boxer and Clover who keep being faithful and working hard for the continuity of the farm. Clover tries to carry out the orders that she receives and accepts the leader ship of Napoleon although sometimes she feels confused at his honesty. Clover often thinks that what Napoleon does oppose the first regulation made after the rebellion. She always asks Muriel, the goat, to read her seven commandments if she fells doubted about what Napoleon explains through Squealer. ”Muriel, read me the fourth Commandment. Does it not say something about never sleeping in a bad?” (1993: 44). However, she can do nothing to stop Napoleon’s totalitarian government. She only keeps her disagreement in her heart.

Like almost the animals on the farm, clover is not clever. She can learn the whole alphabets but she cannot put words together. It is a proof that because of the stupidity of the animals on the farm, they are able to be manipulated by Napoleon and his allies. As Boxer, the position of Clover is a labor in Napoleon’s government.

h.                  Benjamin

Benjamin is the oldest animal on the farm. He is the only donkey on the farm. Ha has a serious characteristic. He is very seldom talking and whatever he knows is kept on his mind.

Benjamin was the oldest animal on the farm, and the worst tempered. He seldom talked, and when he did it was usually to make some cynical remark – for instance he would say that God had given him a tail to keep the flies off, but that he would sooner have had no tail and no flies. Alone among the animals on the farm he never laughed. If ask why, he would say that he saw nothing to laugh at (1993: 2).

Under Napoleon’s political system, Benjamin’s position is a wise donkey. As long as his life, Benjamin faces all the problems as the way they are. According to him, everyone has to live his life strongly since life is hard. He has a good judgment in seeing the life.

Only old Benjamin professed to remember every detail of his long life and to know that things never had been, nor even could be much better or much worse – hunger, hardship and disappointment being, so he said, the unalterable law of life (1993: 85)

Benjamin is the only one who knows the dishonesty of Napoleon’s leadership but he does not want to speak up what he knows to other animals on the farm. None of the animals could form any idea as what this meant, except old Benjamin, who nodded his muzzle with a knowing air, and seemed to understand, but would say nothing (1993: 71).

Actually Benjamin is clever, but he never shows it in front of the animals since he thinks that there is nothing worth reading. By his smartness, he knows the maneuvers done by the pigs under the leadership of Napoleon. Nevertheless he does not want to speak up. His attitude not to interfere in what happens on the farm, in fact, lets napoleon to apply totalitarian government in controlling the farm.

Benjamin is a static Character. He never changes before and after the rebellion. He is never shirking and volunteering for extra work. He still does his work the same way, never becoming too exited or too disappointed about anything passed on the farm. He almost never complains about what happens on the farm. He does not want to meddle in the problem arise on the farm. Even when there is a conflict on the farm about the windmill, Benjamin does not want to take part on it.

Benjamin was the only animal who did not side with either faction. He refused to believe either that food would become more plentiful or that the windmill would save work. Windmill or no windmill, he said, life would go on as it had always gone on – that is, badly (1993: 33).

In political system Benjamin has position as a wise animal. He is described as older generation. It is almost as if he can see into the future, knowing that the revolt is only a temporary change and will flop in the end. Because of that he is the only animal who seems does not too care about revolution and Napoleon’s government.

i. Moses

Moses is a tame Raven. This Raven first described as the Mr. Jones’s especial pet. He is not only animal who does not work but the only character who does not listen to Old Major‘s speech of rebellion. “All the animals were now present except Moses, the tame raven, who slept on a perch behind the back door” (1993: 3). Moses is described as a clever talker. He claimed to know a Sugarcandy mountain, to which all animals will go to there when they die. It is located somewhere up in the sky, a little distance beyond the clouds, as he say “ in Sugarcandy Mountain it was Sunday seven days a week, clover was in season all the year round , and lump sugar and linseed cake grew on the hedges”( 1993: 11). Generally, most animals on the farm hate him because he tells tales about Sugarcandy Mountain and does not work. However, there are some animals believe in Sugarcandy Mountain although pigs have assert that there is no such place.

The writer concludes that Moses has a position in Political system. He is a clever talker and always advises the other animals that there is a life after death. He described a Sugar Candy mountain as a life after death. It is shown that the position of Moses as a spiritual adviser on the farm or in other word he is a religion expert that has an obligation to advise the other animals to remember the life after death.

j. Mollie

Mollie is a mare. She is described as the foolish, pretty, white mare that drew Mr. Jones’s (1993: 3). Mollie is the animal who is most opposed to the new government under Napoleon. She does not care much about politic of the whole situation; she just wants to tie her hair with ribbons and eat sugar. It is that because she asks the stupidest question to snowball in meeting of rebellion’s planning.

The stupidest question of all was asked by Mollie, the white mare, the very first question she asked Snowball was:

‘Will there still be sugar after the rebellion?’ ‘No,’ said Snowball firmly. ‘We have no means of making sugar on this farm. Besides, you do not need sugar. You will have all the oats and hay you want.’ ‘And shall I still be allowed to wear ribbons in my mane?’ asked Mollie. ‘Comrade,’ said Snowball, ‘those ribbons that you are so devoted to are the badge of slavery. Can you not understand that liberty is worth more than ribbons? (1993: 10).

From the dialogue between Mollie and Snowball above shown how egoist of Mollie. She is a hinder of rebellion. She only thinks herself without care the other bigger affairs that must be completed together. When the rebellion is completed and all animals are busy to throw all of goods belong to Mr. Jones they find Mollie has remained behind in the best bed room. She has taken a piece of blue ribbon from Mrs. Jones’s dressing-table, and was holding it against her shoulder and admiring herself in the glass in a very foolish manner (1993: 14)

Many animals consider her a trader when she is seen being petted by human being from a neighbouring farm. She is a traitor for the other animals. However, he is not confess her fault and tries to lie Clover when Clover is interrogating her. Three days later after her interrogation, she disappears. Furthermore, the pigeons report that they see Mollie on the other side of Willingdon. She is between the shafts of a smart dogcart painted red and black, which was standing outside a public house.

In political system Mollie’s position is a hinder to create a better rebellion. She is too many stupid questions that actually no use to be asked. She is also a traitor of the government. It is shown when her life is no better under Napoleon political system; she goes from the farm and become the neighbor’s pet in Willingdon.

6.       The form of government that resulted by political system in Orwell's 

  Animal Farm

In Orwell's Animal Farm, it is reflected a political system that created by Napoleon as a single leader. Because of a single leader, Napoleon freely creates a political system according his interest. The political system that created by Napoleon certainly will influence the form of government that will be resulted by that political system. There are two great inventions of government. The first is party government and the second is totalitarian government. From the revelation of characters above the writer concludes that political system that created by Napoleon has resulted a totalitarian government. To affirm that Napoleon has applied a totalitarian government in his farm, the writer will prove it through the characteristics of totalitarian government as follows;

a.      The Official and Comprehensive Ideology.

The first characteristic of totalitarian government is an official and comprehensive ideology. Every government certainly has been established from an official and comprehensive ideology or in other word it is a base in establishing a government. Initially, in Orwell's Animal Farm there is an ideology that inspired from Old Major. He tells the animals his dream about the life of the animals after human being is overthrown. He asks them to take a rebellion to Mr. Jones, as their master. He also reminds them not to have a relationship with human being but they have to be free from everything related him. The basic of his ideology is all men are enemies and all animals are equal.

And remember also that in fighting against Man, we must not come to resemble him. Even when you have conquered him, do not adopt his vices. No animal must ever  live in a house, or sleep in a bed, or wear clothes, or drink alcohol, or smoke tobacco, or touch money, or engage in trade. All the habits of Man are evil. And, above all, no animal must ever tyrannize over his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers. No animal must ever kill any other animal. All animals are equal (1993: 6).

The Old Major’s ideology above looks very good. It offers equality among animals and overthrows the tyranny of human beings. Finally, the animals successes to overthrow the human being’s tyranny and then rename the farm from Manor Farm into Animal Farm. “Then Snowball (for it was Snowball who was best at writing) took a brush between the two knuckles of his trotter, painted out Manor Farm from the top bar of gate and in its place painted Animal Farm” (1993: 16)

After the establishing of Animal Farm, the animals begin to arrange the ideology for their government. In short, the pigs as cleverest have succeeded in reducing the principles of animalism to seven commandments. Actually these seven commandments are still very influenced by Old Major’s ideology. It can be proven that the contents of seven commandments are similar with old Major’s Ideology in the first time.  The animals write the seven commandments on the tarred wall in great white letter. They ran thus;

THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS

1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.
3. No animals shall wear clothes.
4. No animals shall sleep in abed.
5. No animals shall drink alcohol.
6. No animals shall kill any other animal.
7. All animals are equal. (1993: 16).

Unfortunately, the government of Animal Farm under Napoleon leadership gradually breaks the seven commandments. It is because Napoleon is a greedy leader. It is proven when he expels his rival from the farm. After get rid of his rival, Napoleon begin to govern Animal Farm assisted by his allies. He governs the farm according his will and interest without care to the seven commandments anymore for example when he makes the animals worked like slaves. He does not care that the seventh commandments written all animals are equal. “All that year the animals worked like slaves… Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week, and in August Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday afternoons as well” (1993: 38-39).

Napoleon has created a totalitarian government by dominating absolutely an official comprehensive ideology. Because of that, Napoleon can change the ideology according to his interest. Finally the seven commandments are changed into a single commandment without an agreement the animals on the farm. The single commandment is written “ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS” (1993: 88). From that ideology, Napoleon and his allies consider that they have higher class than other animals so that they can press the animals according to his interest. In conclusion, the first characteristic that an official and comprehensive ideology is proven by the official and comprehensive ideology that implemented by Napoleon and his allies.

b.                  There is only a Single Mass Party with a Leader.

The second characteristic of totalitarian government is a single mass party with a leader. As mentioned before that Napoleon is an ambitious character to get the absolute power.  Having got the power Napoleon begins to make new regulations that have to be obeyed by the animals on the farm. Beside the fright of snowball’s expulsion, the animals are shocked by Napoleon’s announcement that Sunday meeting they always hold to discuss the plan is abolished. “In future all questions relating to the working of the farm would be settled by special committee of pigs presided over by himself” (1993: 35). From that quotation, it is clearly shown that there is no freedom for the animals to talk freely to argue if there is a decision that they do not agree. The animals have no opportunity to put forward their opinion. The animals must accept the decision that made by committee under napoleon’s leadership. The committee reflects a single mass party, because the members of the committee are only filled by pigs with a leader of Napoleon.

Napoleon and his committee not only make policies according to their interest but also get comfortable facilities belong to human being. They do not care to the other animals whether the animals receive what they do or not. Napoleon and his committee only attempt to reach their comfortable life. They do like that because there is no opposition that brave to protest even to hinder them.

…the pigs, who were the brains of the farm, should have a quiet place to work in. it was also more suited to the dignity of the Leader (for of late he had taken to speaking of Napoleon under the title of ‘Leader’) to live in a house than in a mere sty. Nevertheless, some of the animals were disturbed when they heard that the pigs not only took their meals in the kitchen and used the drawing-room as a recreation room, but also slept on the beds (1993: 44).

As members of committee, the pigs described as the cleverest animals on the farm. “The work of teaching and organizing the other fell naturally upon the pigs, who were generally recognized as being the cleverest o the animals” (1993: 9). Because of that the pigs feel have higher class than the other animals so that they do not work and only giving direction to the animals. “The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the others. With their superior knowledge, it was natural that they should assume the leadership” (1993: 17). As the single committee, the pigs have a role as a brainworker that the whole management and organization of the farm absolutely depend on them (1993: 23).

The reflection of a single mass party with a leader is also shown clearly in the story as Orwell’s states “In April Animal Farm was proclaimed a republic, and it became necessary to elect a President. There was only one candidate, Napoleon, who was elected unanimously” (1993: 75). It is shown that there is no rival at all for Napoleon to become a leader on the farm so that automatically Napoleon is elected to become a President on Animal Farm.

As a leader, many admiration and praises given by the animals to honor Napoleon. On the farm, the animals must call him “Our leader, Comrade Napoleon”. Some titles also invented for him as “Father of All Animals”, “Terror of Mankind, Protector of the Sheepfold, Duckling’s friend, and the like” (1993: 60). It also becomes usual to give Napoleon the credit of every successful achievement and good fortune of the animals.

You would often hear one hen remark to another,
”under the guidance of our leader, Comrades Napoleon, I have laid five eggs in six days”; or two cows, enjoying a drink at the pool, would exclaim, “thanks to the leadership of Comrade Napoleon, how excellent this water tastes!” … (1993: 60).

From the analysis above, it is proven that Orwell's Animal Farm reflects a single mass party with a leader. A single mass party is represented by pigs as members of committee. On the other hand a leader represented by Napoleon as a leader of committee and a President of Animal Farm.

c.                   A system of Terror

A system of terror is the third characteristic of totalitarian government. Usually a system of terror is created by totalitarian government to defend and strengthen authority in a state. In Orwell's Animal Farm, the animals’ life under Napoleon leadership is in terror. There are scary dogs that growl and ready to kill every animal who try to oppose Napoleon’s will. If the animal doubt about Napoleon decision, the dogs as his bodyguard will threaten them. Consequently, the animals forcibly receive it without further arguing.

The greatest terror that has ever been experienced by animals is when the animals see directly Napoleon kills some animals that protest him. Napoleon kills the animals that he thinks can threaten his totalitarian government. The first victims are the hens that before the assassin ever refuse to give their eggs to be sold.

Led by three young Black Minorca pullets, the hens made a determined effort to thwart Napoleon’s wishes. Their method was to fly up to the rafters and there lay their eggs, which smashed to pieces on the floor. Napoleon acted swiftly and ruthlessly. He ordered the hens’ ration to be stopped, and decreed that any animal giving so much as a grain of corn to a hen should be punished by death. The dogs saw to it that these orders were carried out. For five days the hens held out, then they capitulated and went back to their nesting boxes. Nine hens had died in the meantime (1993: 49-59).

Actually animals do not agree with most of Napoleon’s policies but they do not brave to protest even to hinder him. The animals are always in terror of scary of dogs. It happens when Napoleon and his allies use human being’s facilities that it means they have broken the seven commandments. As usual, Squealer as a speaker accompanied by dogs attempts to give explanation to the animals. In addition, the animals are forced to believe the sly story about the reason of Snowball’s expulsion.

… Snowball, who was a dangerous character and a bad influence. Now that Snowball was out of the way the plan could go forward without his interference. This, said Squealer was something called tactics. He repeated a number of times, ‘Tactics, comrades, tactics!’ skipping round and whisking his tail with a merry laugh.  The animals were not certain what the word meant, but Squealer spoke so persuasively, and the three dogs who happened to be with him growled so threateningly, that they accepted his explanation without further questions (1993: 38).

Napoleon and pigs also spread a terror about the back of Mr Jones. It is done by them to legalize their comfortable in using human being’s facilities such as sleep between blankets and get very comfortable beds. Napoleon and pigs never work physically. They have a reason that if they are tired, they cannot face Mr. Jones when attack the farm anymore. The animals afraid of Mr. Jones to recapture their farm, so they let Napoleon and the pigs do not work and get comfortable facilities (1993: 45).

In conclusion the third characteristic of a system of terror in Orwell's Animal Farm is fulfilled. The first terror comes from the dogs belong to Napoleon and the second comes from the threatening of Mr. Jones back that actually only the sly story. Both of dogs and Mr. Jones back are used by Napoleon and pigs to defend and strengthen their totalitarian government.

d.                  A Monopoly of Communication

Communication is a vital means of in government. It can be used to influence public opinion. Monopoly of communication is one of characteristic of totalitarian Government. By communication a totalitarian government can directs all of public opinion according their interest. In Orwell's Animal Farm, Napoleon uses Squealer as a speaker. Squealer used by Napoleon to bridge of communication between Napoleon and the animals on the farm. so the position of Squealer is a means of communication. Squealer absolutely is governed by Napoleon to convey everything of Napoleon’s policies.

As Napoleon’s assistance, Squealer always defends his leader even though Napoleon’s policies do not receive by the animals. He often talk nonsense to defend Napoleon’s policies. If the animals begin to protest, he is very clever deceive them to make calm down. It happens when Napoleon make a policy that the animals would still assemble on Sunday morning. Afterwards Squealer is sent by napoleon to explain his new decision.

‘Comrades,’ he said, ‘I trust that every animal here appreciates the sacrifice that Comrade Napoleon has made in taking this extra labour upon himself. Do not imagine comrades, that leadership is a pleasure! On the contrary, it is a deep and heavy responsibility. No one believes more firmly than Comrades Napoleon that all animals are equal. He would be only too happy to let you make your decisions for yourselves (1993: 36).

Again when Napoleon and the pigs hold party in the farm house he is drunk because of alcohol. In the next morning, there is no pig stirring out of the house till nine o’clock. Squealer announces that Napoleon has pronounced decree. He says that the drinking of alcohol will be punished by death (1993: 70). However, by the evening of the same day, Napoleon appears and looks better. In the following morning, Squealer tells the animals that Napoleon is on the way of recovery. Even Napoleon intends to plant the small paddock beyond the orchard with barley and he gives an order to purchase some booklets on brewing and distilling (1993: 71).

Beside Squealer, Napoleon also monopolizes pigeons as his means of communication. The different is squealer is only used for communication on the farm; on the other hand pigeons are used for communication to get out from the farm. In other word pigeons are used as bridge of communication between Animal Farm and neighboring country. Initially pigeons are used for all animals’ affairs. They are used for spreading news about Rebellion that has happened on their farm. It is intended in order that on neighboring farm will follow to overthrow human being’s tyranny. “Every day Snowball and Napoleon sent out Flights of pigeons whose instruction were to mingle with the animals on neighboring farms, tell the story of the Rebellion. Unfortunately, Under Napoleon’s leadership pigeons are absolutely belong to Napoleon and work for his interest. It happens when Napoleon fells against Frederick as the owner of neighboring farm. “The pigeons who were still sent out to spread tiding of the Rebellion were forbidden to set foot anywhere on Foxwood, and were also ordered to drop their former slogan of ‘Death of Humanity’ in favor of ‘Death to Frederick’ (1993: 63). However, when all relations with Foxwood have been broken off; insulting messages have been sent to Pilkington as the owner. The pigeons have been told to avoid Pinchfield belong to Frederick Farm and alter their slogan from ‘Death to Frederick’ to ‘Death to Pilkington’ (1993: 64). It is shown that Napoleon only uses pigeons according to his will and interest without noticing the farm interest at all.

In conclusion it is proven that Napoleon’s government has monopolized communications. There are two means of communication on the farm. The first is squealer as Napoleon’s speaker on the farm and the second is pigeons that used to spread message get out from the farm.

e.                   A Monopoly of Arms

As a leader that has single power on his hand, Napoleon controls the farm according his will and interest. Napoleon and pigs have monopolized the arms on the farm. They have crated their political system according their will. They also have created the law and order that must be obeyed by all animals on the farm. There is no animal that brave to protest what Napoleon’s policies. If there is a stubborn one makes a complaint of Napoleon’s policies, he/she will be punished by death.

Napoleon uses dogs to strengthen his arms and to support his totalitarian government. He has prepared these dogs for his planning. Because of that Napoleon rears puppies that will become body guard on the next time.

Silent and terrified, the animals crept back into the barn. In a moment the dogs came bounding back. At first no one had been able to imagine where these creatures came from, but the problem was soon solved: they were the puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mother and reared privately. Though not yet full-grown they were huge dogs, and as fierce looking as wolves. They kept close to Napoleon. It was noticed that they wagged their tails to him in the same way as the other dogs had been used to do to Mr Jones (1993: 35)

Napoleon is a greedy leader. In controlling the farm, he uses dogs to abuse his authority such as doing corruption. He and the pigs always corrupt the food on the farm. They still reduce the animals’ ration even though the food has increased. One day Squealer announces that the windfalls, for a certain reason, are collected for the use of the pigs only besides the milk that is mixed everyday into their mash.

Comrades! You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples (this has been proved by science, comrade) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig… (1993: 23)

They also take the land that is approved as the place of the pension to be sown with barley. Firstly there is a rumor that a corner of the pasture will be fenced off and turned into a grazing-ground for superannuated animals (1993: 72). However, the talk of setting aside a corner of the pasture for the pension is dropped there is forbidden to talk it again.

In conclusion, Napoleon has monopolized the arms for his interest. He absolutely governs dogs as his bodyguard to support his leadership so that he can do everything according his will and interest. There are no animals that brave to against him as long as the dogs still support him. The animals know the effect if they against him “death”.

f.                   Total Central Control of the Economy.

Economy is a strategy field in a state because it determines the prosperity of societies in a state. One of characteristic of totalitarian government is total control of the economy. It means that all of economic policies depend on government decision. In Orwell’s Animal Farm, it happens since the decision is on Napoleon’s hand. The animals can do nothing but accept it without grumbling. Even though they do not agree when Napoleon announces that animal Farm will make a relationship with the outside world, they cannot prevent it. When they assemble to receive their orders, Napoleon announces that he has decided a new policy:   Animal Farm will engage in trade with the neighboring farms. Besides, it is for any commercial purposes, Napoleon says that it intends to obtain certain materials, which are urgently necessary, for the windmill (1993: 41). Napoleon tells more that Mr. Whymper, a solicitor living in Willingdon, will be a mediator between Animal Farm and the outside world. Whymper will visit the farm every Monday morning to receive the instructions (1993: 42). The animals are doubtful since it is contrary to Old Major’s message that they must never have any dealing with human beings, never engage in trade and never make use of money (1993: 41). However, Napoleon sends Squealer to calm down them. As usual Squealer can make the animals finally accept Napoleon’s decision. He assures them that the resolution against engaging in trade and using money has never been suggested. He says that the regulation meant is only the animals’ dream because there is no record of it (1993: 42). Cleverly Squealer manipulates the animals’ mind. Therefore, they think that what Squealer says is true and finally they consider that they are mistaken.

One Sunday morning through his speaker Napoleon announces that the hens, who have just come to lay again must surrender their eggs. Napoleon has accepted, through Whymper, a contract for four hundred eggs a week. The money of its selling will pay for grain and meal to keep the farm going till summer came on and conditions were easier (1993: 49). One day Napoleon also announces that he has sold a pile of timber to Frederick without an agreement the animals (1993: 61).

The monopoly of economy that applied by Napoleon has caused the animals’ life getting worse. The harder the animals work, the less the food they get. Even though, they work harder every day, they never get a reward of it. “They were generally hungry, they slept on straw, they drank from the pool, they labored in the field; in winter they were troubled by the cold, and in summer by the flies (1993: 73).

In conclusion   Napoleon and pigs have applied total central control of economy. They always decide economic policies without agreement the animals at all. In short all of economic policies are on the government under Napoleon leadership hand. So that it is true that Napoleon and pigs has applied totalitarian government on the farm.

8.     Conclusions

1. In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, there is a revelation political system through characters. It means that every character in Orwell’s Animal Farm has their own position to reflect a political system. The revelation of them can be shown from their characterization such us their speeches, behaviors, and description characters’ environment author presents in the story. It is also can be shown from the author gives direct commentaries in narration of the disposition as well. Having analyzed in chapter III, the writer can prove that every character and characterization in Orwell’s Animal Farm reveal Political system like in real world. It like Orwell’s statement that the animals (characters) are designed to represent working people in their initial social, economy, and political position. The writer is going to take Napoleon as an example. Napoleon is a central character in Orwell’s Animal Farm. He is a boar that has the biggest role in creating political system. His position is a single leader or president of Animal Farm. Napoleon reaches its position after forcibly expelling his rival namely Snowball from the farm. as a leader, Napoleon very influences the others character in the story. Unfortunately, Napoleon is not a wise leader. He governs Animal Farm according his will and interest and there is no animals who brave to against him. It causes the life of animals under Napoleon’s political system is getting worse than before.

2. As mentioned before that Political system that created by Napoleon has been resulted a government. In political science, there are two great inventions of government. The first is party government and the second is totalitarian government. Having analyzed in previous chapter, the writer concludes that that the form of government that resulted by political system under Napoleon leadership is totalitarian government. It is proven through the six characteristics of totalitarian government. The writer proves one by one its characteristic of totalitarian government whether it is reflected by the story of Orwell’s Animal Farm. In fact, the characters and characterization in Orwell’s Animal Farm reflects its characteristic. So, the writer conclude that Orwell’s Animal Farm reflect political system that results a totalitarian government under Napoleon leadership.

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